Introduction: Synthetic indicators had continuously been the first choice for all types of acid-base titrations since long time. However, due to certain disadvantages like high cost, availability problems and environmental pollution, an attempt is required to replace synthetic indicators with natural indicators. Methods: Methanolic extract of Euphorbia milii flowers from family Euphorbiaceae were evaluated in different types of titrations like strong acid (SA) v/s strong base (SB), weak base (WB) v/s strong acid (SA), and weak acid (WA) v/s strong base (SB). Results: Natural indicators gives sharp and intense colour change at the neutralization point and shows promising results when tested against available synthetic acid-base indicators such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein. Conclusion: This natural indicators could be an excellent replacement for synthetic indicators since they are economical, easily available, non-toxic, easy to extract, ecofriendly and accurate in all types of acid-base titrations.

Background: Different current frequencies are considered to produce a different reaction in tissues. But there is still a lack of knowledge about the reactions of tissues on medium frequency electric currents with different frequencies in special groups of diseases or trauma. Objective: The main objective of the study was to find out the difference of physiological response between normal healthy, chronic low back pain and postoperative pain subjects for a medium frequency (4 KHz) electrical stimuli with 20, 50 and 100 Hz base frequencies. Method: Readings were taken for sensory, motor and pain threshold with three different frequencies 20 Hz, 50 Hz & 100 Hz for normal healthy, chronic low back pain and postoperative pain subjects. Electrodes were applied over the dorsal and ventral side of the ankle in all the maneuvers. For the normality of the data, Shapiro-wilk test was done. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20.0 and significance were set at “p<0.05”. Result: A multivariate ANOVA test showed significant difference statistically between groups; sensory and the motor threshold for back pain was less than normal and postoperative subjects, irrespective of the frequencies used for stimulation. The post hoc analysis between groups showed that chronic low back pain subjects differ from normal individuals in pain threshold (difference 1.617mA, p=.041). Conclusion: The sensory and motor response threshold was more in acute pain subjects and in normal individuals than chronic low back pain subjects. Reduced sensory motor threshold and increased pain threshold in chronic back pain subjects may indicate hyperalgesia and perceptual delay in processing of the electrical stimuli by the nerves system.

Introduction: Neonatal mortality and morbidity are the greatest challenges in the current health care scenario. Majority of neonates die because mothers fail to identify danger signs of illness, and inappropriate or delayed care seeking. Objective was to find out the awareness among mothers regarding newborn care, essential newborn care practices and health care seeking behaviour in Urban slums. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done among the study population of Urban slums, Bhangel, Noida which is the field practice area of Urban Health Training Centre, Department of Community Medicine, SMS&R, Greater Noida. Duration of the study was from 1^st March to 31^st August 2014. All mothers with infants less than 3months of age approaching the Urban Health Training Centre, Bhangel were taken as study subjects. Prevalidated semi structured questionnaire was used for interviewing mothers. Informed consent was taken from them about the participation in this study. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.0 version. Result and conclusion: Most of the mothers lacked awareness regarding newborn danger signs and essential newborn care practices. The common reasons behind harmful practices were lack of awareness, traditional and cultural taboos and lack of free time for those mothers who were working.

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the causes of sexually transmitted bacterial disease (STD’s) causing genital infection in the world. Many countries have expanded the strategies to investigate, diagnose and manage this curable, but prevalent and indolent disease. Most severe consequence in women is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. This study was designed to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection and to correlate the infection with various risk factors in the symptomatic females attending the gynecology OPD at Dhiraj Hospital, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Methodology: From September 2016 to November 2016, 50 consecutive symptomatic women of reproductive age were screened for the presence of Chlamydia antigen. Endocervical swabs were collected and tested using Immunochromatographic immunoassay. Results: The limited number of cases of infertility and PID investigated did not reveal any positive case of Chlamydia antigen from endocervical swabs. Conclusion: Accurate diagnostic tests like NAAT and ELISA are required instead of point-of-care test to prove its role in PID and infertility.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus predisposes to infection. Clinical data on infections in diabetes mellitus patients from rural areas of India are lacking. We intended to determine the clinical profile and pattern of infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in rural area. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in type 2 diabetes patients admitted in Medicine department at a tertiary care hospital from December 2014 to November 2015. Results: In this study, 627 patients with diabetes mellitus admitted during December 2014 to November 2015 were observed. Out of these 627 patients 263 had various types of infections. Maximum number of patients belonged to age group of 46 to 60 years and there was male predominance. The commonest comorbidity was hypertension (51.33 %). Common infections encountered were urinary tract infection (40.30 %), respiratory tract infection (28.90 %) and Skin and soft tissue infections (12.93 %). Escherichia coli, Candida, Klebsiella pneumonaie and Staphylococcus aureus were the common causative organisms of all these infections. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of risk factors and type of infections present in patients with diabetes in order to provide proper care and for their prevention.

Introduction: Women with sickle cell anemia may have complications especially during pregnancy. It may contribute to anemia in pregnancy. Methodology: As a part of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth’s Sickle Project, this observational study of profile of 125 female patients was done. Observations: 125 female patients with sickle hemoglobinopathy who came either for antenatal checkup or for other health services in last 2 months were studied. 119 had sickle cell trait (SCT) while 6 (4.8%) had sickle cell disease (SCD). Majority of them were young, average age being 22.26 years. 14 (11+3, SCT and SCD) patients required indoor admissions. 3(SCT) patients were admitted in Critical Care Units, 7(6+1) in Obstetrics, 2(1+ 1) in medical and 2 (1+1) were admitted in pediatrics ward. Mean Hb of these 125 patients was 10.79 gm/dL, TC= 10702±3922/cu.mm, PCV of 32.70±7.98%, RBC count of 4.62±1.04 mil/uL, MCV=76.16±66.08fl, MCH=21.74±5.18pg, MCHC=28.35±8.74%, RDW-CV was 16.53±4.09. HPLC in percentage of A1a, A1b, A1c, LA1c and P3 were 0.96±0.72, 0.76±0.56, 4.90±0.81, 0.56±0.17 and 3.70±1.05 respectively. HBF=1.55±2.56, A0=57.34±11.69, A2=3.67±0.49 and S WINDOW was of 28.12±10.82.3. Out of 6 SCD patients,3 were admitted, 2 for severe Anemia and 1 for Crises. Mean Hb of SCD was 8.3±1.99 gm/dL, TC 15438±10562/cumm, PCV 27±5.75%, MCV 76.32±7.95fl, MCH=23.15±2.23pg, MCHC=30.37±1.75% RBC count of 3.60±1.04 Mil/uL, RDW-CV=21.73±6.99, HbS and HbF was 68.11±22.21% and 9.95 ± 6.3%. Conclusions: Female patients coming from tribal area may need screening for sickling during antenatal checkup. SCT patients may also have morbidity and may require hospital admission.

Extranodal filariasis occurs rarely and breast is an uncommon site for filariasis . The present case is of 23 yrs old female with a painless lump in the left breast involving upper outer quadrant. Provisional clinical diagnosis was Fibroadenoma, left breast. However, cytology smears showed clusters of degenerated ductal cells and several Microfilaria larvae. Thus, a definitive diagnosis of Filariasis, left breast was made. Patient was put on conservative treatment and recovery was uneventful. Therefore, simple yet effective mode of cytological diagnosis was able to avert an unnecessary biopsy/ lumpectomy in this patient.

Introduction: Chondroblastoma is a benign, epiphyseal bone tumor. It makes for approximately 1% of all bone tumors. In 1931, it was suggested to be a chondromatous variant of giant cell tumor by Codman. He reported these lesions in the region of proximal part of humerus. It is more common in second decade of life with male-to-female ratio of 2:1. It preferentially affectes the proximal part of tibia, distal part of femur, proximal humerus, and flat bones like the iliac bones. Case report: We report case of a 15 year-old male who presented with pain over the right shoulder. Preoperative radiograph showed a large lytic tumor arising from proximal humerus interspersed with areas of calcification which was indicative of chondroblastoma on MRI and biopsy done later. Conclusions: This patient had chondroblastoma with minimal symptoms of pain with no other abnormality. Chondroblastomas are typically benign, but progress locally or metastatise rarely. Early diagnosis and apt primary management prevents further surgeries and recurrences.

Xanthogranuloma (XG), a condition of obscure pathogenesis and varied terminology, can occur in choroid plexus. We present here xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus of lateral ventricle, who presented with headache, mild cognitive impairment and hemiplegia. It was difficult to determine whether bilateral small xanthogranuloma found on MRI was responsible for patient’s presenting symptoms or not. Appraisal of clinical and pathological findings related to intracranial and intraventricular choroid plexus XG, is done from the available literature. Furthermore, review in topic of “relation of XG with arthrosclerosis” as well as “Dyslipidemia” is also done.

Scleromyxedema is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by confluent lichenoid eruption. It is usually associated with paraproteinemia. We present the case of 52 years old man diagnosed scleromyxedema without malignancy and paraproteinemia and treated with oral methotrexate and betamethasone.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare, benign, but potentially locally aggressive and recurrent condition characterized by synovial proliferation and hemosiderin deposition inside the joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae. It usually affects the large joints such as hip, knee, and ankle. The present report was a case of PVNS of the knee joint in a young female which was treated by subtotal synovectomy alone without the use of adjuvants. At the 20-month follow-up, the patient was pain free and had no signs of disease recurrence.

Organophosphate compounds (OPCs) are used mostly as pesticides. In India, Organophosphate poisoning occurs most commonly due to suicidal ingestion. Depending on the type and the dose of the organophosphate compound exposure some clinical syndromes, such as acute muscarinic syndrome, acute encephalopathy, intermediate nicotinic syndrome, delayed neuropathy, rarely Guillain Barre like syndrome, extrapyramidal syndrome, dual neurotoxicity and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder can be confronted. From these clinical syndromes, Toxic encephalopathy is extremely rare and clinical report of organophosphate poisoning following suicidal ingestion of one such case is described here.